Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is involved in an extensive range of crucial biological activities with differential actions in various cell types. The activity of FGF is modulated by glycosaminoglycans, found both in the extracellular space and on the cell surface.

These molecules are crucial in injury healing. Such a dynamic process is interactive and depends on an adequate regulation of fibroblasts.

With no regulation of these processes, excessive scar tissue develops. Because of inefficient healing, keloids and hypertrophic scars often become a problem. These are both difficult health problems that alter people's quality of life, due to high treatment costs and frequent unsatisfactory results.

A Fibroblast is a type of cell that stimulates the production of keratinocytes and the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins found in the extracellular matrix. The production of fibroblasts improves the epidermal morphology.

Keratinocytes appear in the basal layer from the mitosis of keratinocyte stem cells. They are pushed up through the cells of the epidermis, undergoing gradual specialization until they reach the stratum corneum where they form a layer of enucleated, flattened, strongly keratinized cells called squamous cells. This layer forms an effective barrier to the entry of foreign matter and infectious agents in the body and minimizes humidity loss.

Keratinized Cells

Usually, in the process of scar removal keratinocytes are eliminated and restored continuously from the stratum corneum. The time of transit from the basal layer to the elimination stage is about four weeks, although this can be accelerated in conditions of keratinocyte hyperproliferation, such as psoriasis.

We can define a stem cell in an adult organism as any cell with an elevated capacity for self-renewal that extends throughout adult life. In addition, stem cells are commonly considered to have the potential to produce differentiated progeny.

According to these characteristics, the skin has long been recognized as possessing a resident stem cell stock. The tissue consists of a stratified squamous epithelium (interfollicular epidermis; IFE) with associated hair follicles and glandular structures (the sebaceous glands and sweat glands).

The IFE undergoes continuous turnover and there is always a need to replace the dead, ultimately differentiated cells of the external cornified layers through the production of cells in the basal layer.

It is now well known that stem cells inside the epidermis are multipotent and able to create daughter cells that differentiate along several lineages. Stem cells inside the hair follicle bulge can create progeny that specialize not only in all the hair follicle lineages, but also in sebocytes and the interfollicular epidermis.

Following exposure to appropriate mesenchymal signals, cells of the interfollicular epidermis are capable of giving rise to hair or sebaceous lineages. There is, nevertheless, evidence for the existence of distinct stem cell populations inside the IFE and sebaceous gland. These observations can be reconciled by verifying that there are different stem cell populations inside the hair, sebaceous gland and IFE.

Each of these can create daughters that differentiate along any of the epidermal lineages. Under steady conditions, however, the stem cells normally originate a more restricted repertoire in reaction to signals from the local microenvironment.

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